Sex differences and dietary patterns in the association of air pollutants and hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is one of the major public health problems in China. Limited evidence exists regarding sex differences in the association between hypertension and air pollutants, as well as the impact of dietary factors on the relationship between air pollutants and hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex-specific effects of dietary patterns on the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone(O3) and hypertension in adults residing in Jiangsu Province of China. METHODS: A total of 3189 adults from the 2015 China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance in Jiangsu Province were included in this study. PM2.5 and O3 concentrations were estimated using satellite space-time models and assigned to each participant. Dietary patterns were determined by reduced rank regression (RRR), and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the associations of the obtained dietary patterns with air pollutants and hypertension risk. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounding variables, we found that males were more sensitive to long-term exposure to PM2.5 (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.42 95%CI:1.08,1.87), and females were more sensitive to long-term exposure to O3 (OR = 1.61 95%CI:1.15,2.23). Traditional southern pattern identified through RRR exhibited a protective effect against hypertension in males (OR = 0.73 95%CI: 0.56,1.00). The results of the interaction between dietary pattern score and PM2.5 revealed that adherence to traditional southern pattern was significantly associated with a decreased risk of hypertension in males (P < 0.05), while no significant association was observed among females. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that sex differences existed in the association between dietary patterns, air pollutants and hypertension. Furthermore, we found that adherence to traditional southern pattern may mitigate the risk of long-term PM2.5 exposure-induced hypertension in males.

2,2'-Bipyridine-Enabled Photocatalytic Radical [4+2] Cyclization of N-Aryl-α-amino Acids for Synthesizing Polysubstituted Tetrahydroquinolines.

A facile photocatalytic radical [4+2] cyclization of N-aryl-α-amino acids with various alkenes to access structurally polysubstituted tetrahydroquinolines has been developed. Using a simple bipyridine as a catalyst, different N-aryl-α-amino acids could be utilized as the radical precursors to react with diverse electrophilic alkenes, including exocyclic terminal alkenes, acyclic terminal alkenes, and cycloalkenes, producing 10 types of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds fused in multiple frameworks in generally moderate yields with good diastereoselectivities. Scale-up synthesis and transformations of the products further demonstrated the synthetic application of this protocol. Moreover, a decarboxylative radial pathway via a proton-coupled electron transfer process for illustration of this [4+2] cyclization was proposed on the basis of the control experiments. This process is highlighted by a simple bipyridine photocatalysis, mild reaction conditions, various N-aryl-α-amino acids and alkene materials, and application for the modification of natural products.

A series of indole-derived γ-hydroxy propiolate esters as potent anti-inflammatory agents: Design, synthesis, in-vitro and in-vivo biological studies.

A variety of novel indole-derived γ-hydroxy propiolate esters were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity in-vitro and in-vivo. According to the nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory analysis, all compounds showed potent NO inhibitory ability in a dose-dependent manner, with no apparent cytotoxicity. The model compound, L-37, also exhibited significant potency in PGE2 inhibition. In addition, compounds L-37 and L-39 can downregulate the expression of COX-2 enzyme at 5 µM via ELISA experiment. Compound L-37 (1 µM) also inhibited the PGF1 production as well as the expression of COX-1, but displayed weak inhibition activity towards the Leukotrienes (LT) and Thromboxane-B2 (TXB-2) production. However, the expression of 5-LOX was significantly inhibited by compound L-39 at 5 µM. Xylene-induced ear edema model was explored for in-vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation, compound L-37 showed similar inhibitory activity compared with celecoxib, approximately 80% at 50 mg/kg dosage. Every outcome showed that the newly synthesized compounds can effectively inhibit inflammation.

Enhancing Retinal Fundus Image Quality Assessment With Swin-Transformer-Based Learning Across Multiple Color-Spaces.

Purpose: The assessment of retinal image (RI) quality holds significant importance in both clinical trials and large datasets, because suboptimal images can potentially conceal early signs of diseases, thereby resulting in inaccurate medical diagnoses. This study aims to develop an automatic method for Retinal Image Quality Assessment (RIQA) that incorporates visual explanations, aiming to comprehensively evaluate the quality of retinal fundus images (RIs). Methods: We developed an automatic RIQA system, named Swin-MCSFNet, utilizing 28,792 RIs from the EyeQ dataset, as well as 2000 images from the EyePACS dataset and an additional 1,000 images from the OIA-ODIR dataset. After preprocessing, including cropping black regions, data augmentation, and normalization, a Swin-MCSFNet classifier based on the Swin-Transformer for multiple color-space fusion was proposed to grade the quality of RIs. The generalizability of Swin-MCSFNet was validated across multiple data centers. Additionally, for enhanced interpretability, a Score-CAM-generated heatmap was applied to provide visual explanations. Results: Experimental results reveal that the proposed Swin-MCSFNet achieves promising performance, yielding a micro-receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of 0.93 and ROC scores of 0.96, 0.81, and 0.96 for the "Good," "Usable," and "Reject" categories, respectively. These scores underscore the accuracy of RIQA based on Swin-MCSF in distinguishing among the three categories. Furthermore, heatmaps generated across different RIQA classification scores and various color spaces suggest that regions in the retinal images from multiple color spaces contribute significantly to the decision-making process of the Swin-MCSFNet classifier. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the proposed Swin-MCSFNet outperforms other methods in experiments conducted on multiple datasets, as evidenced by the superior performance metrics and insightful Score-CAM heatmaps. Translational Relevance: This study constructs a new retinal image quality evaluation system, which will contribute to the subsequent research of retinal images.

Characterization of sensory and motor dysfunction and morphological alterations in late stages of type 2 diabetic mice.

Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes and lacks effective treatments. Although sensory dysfunction during the early stages of diabetes has been extensively studied in various animal models, the functional and morphological alterations in sensory and motor systems during late stages of diabetes remain largely unexplored. In the current work, we examined the influence of diabetes on sensory and motor function as well as morphological changes in late stages of diabetes. The obese diabetic Leprdb/db mice (db/db) were used for behavioral assessments and subsequent morphological examinations. The db/db mice exhibited severe sensory and motor behavioral defects at the age of 32 weeks, including significantly higher mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal latency of hindpaws compared with age-matched nondiabetic control animals. The impaired response to noxious stimuli was mainly associated with the remarkable loss of epidermal sensory fibers, particularly CGRP-positive nociceptive fibers. Unexpectedly, the area of CGRP-positive terminals in the spinal dorsal horn was dramatically increased in diabetic mice, which was presumably associated with microglial activation. In addition, the db/db mice showed significantly more foot slips and took longer time during the beam-walking examination compared with controls. Meanwhile, the running duration in the rotarod test was markedly reduced in db/db mice. The observed sensorimotor deficits and motor dysfunction were largely attributed to abnormal sensory feedback and muscle atrophy as well as attenuated neuromuscular transmission in aged diabetic mice. Morphological analysis of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) demonstrated partial denervation of NMJs and obvious fragmentation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). Intrafusal muscle atrophy and abnormal muscle spindle innervation were also detected in db/db mice. Additionally, the number of VGLUT1-positive excitatory boutons on motor neurons was profoundly increased in aged diabetic mice as compared to controls. Nevertheless, inhibitory synaptic inputs onto motor neurons were similar between the two groups. This excitation-inhibition imbalance in synaptic transmission might be implicated in the disturbed locomotion. Collectively, these results suggest that severe sensory and motor deficits are present in late stages of diabetes. This study contributes to our understanding of mechanisms underlying neurological dysfunction during diabetes progression and helps to identify novel therapeutic interventions for patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Association of volatile organic compound exposure with metabolic syndrome and its components: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a health issue consisting of multiple metabolic abnormalities. The impact of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on MetS and its components remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the associations of individual urinary metabolites of VOC (mVOCs) and mVOC mixtures with MetS and its components among the general adult population in the United States. METHODS: A total of 5345 participants with eligible data were filtered from the 2011-2020 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to assess the associations of individual mVOCs with MetS and its components. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models were constructed to identify more relevant mVOCs. The weight quantile sum regression model was applied to further explore the links between mVOC co-exposure and MetS and its components. RESULTS: The results indicated positive associations between multiple mVOCs and MetS, including CEMA, DHBMA, and HMPMA. CEMA was found to be positively correlated with all components of MetS. HMPMA was associated with elevated triglyceride (TG), reduced high-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) impairment; 3HPMA was associated with an elevated risk of high TG and FBG impairment; and DHBMA had positive associations with elevated TG and high blood pressure. The co-exposure of LASSO-selected mVOCs was associated with an increased risk of elevated TG, high blood pressure, and FBG impairment. CONCLUSION: Positive associations of certain individual urinary mVOCs and mVOC mixtures with MetS and its components were observed by utilizing multiple statistical models and large-scale national data. These findings may serve as the theoretical basis for future experimental and mechanistic studies and have important implications for public health.

Myricetin induces M2 macrophage polarization to alleviate renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy via PI3K/Akt pathway.

BACKGROUND: Development of end-stage renal disease is predominantly attributed to diabetic nephropathy (DN). Previous studies have indicated that myricetin possesses the potential to mitigate the pathological alterations observed in renal tissue. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanism through which myricetin influences the progression of DN remains uncertain. AIM: To investigate the effects of myricetin on DN and explore its potential therapeutic mechanism. METHODS: Db/db mice were administered myricetin intragastrically on a daily basis at doses of 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg for a duration of 12 wk. Subsequently, blood and urine indexes were assessed, along with examination of renal tissue pathology. Kidney morphology and fibrosis were evaluated using various staining techniques including hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, Masson's trichrome, and Sirius-red. Additionally, high-glucose culturing was conducted on the RAW 264.7 cell line, treated with 25 mM myricetin or co-administered with the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 for a period of 24 h. In both in vivo and in vitro settings, quantification of inflammation factor levels was conducted using western blotting, real-time qPCR and ELISA. RESULTS: In db/db mice, administration of myricetin led to a mitigating effect on DN-induced renal dysfunction and fibrosis. Notably, we observed a significant reduction in expressions of the kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, along with a decrease in expressions of inflammatory cytokine-related factors. Furthermore, myricetin treatment effectively inhibited the up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interluekin-1ß induced by high glucose in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, myricetin modulated the M1-type polarization of the RAW 264.7 cells. Molecular docking and bioinformatic analyses revealed Akt as the target of myricetin. The protective effect of myricetin was nullified upon blocking the polarization of RAW 264.7 via inhibition of PI3K/Akt activation using LY294002. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that myricetin effectively mitigates kidney injury in DN mice through the regulation of macrophage polarization via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Multi-Scale Attention Network for Building Extraction from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images.

The precise building extraction from high-resolution remote sensing images holds significant application for urban planning, resource management, and environmental conservation. In recent years, deep neural networks (DNNs) have garnered substantial attention for their adeptness in learning and extracting features, becoming integral to building extraction methodologies and yielding noteworthy performance outcomes. Nonetheless, prevailing DNN-based models for building extraction often overlook spatial information during the feature extraction phase. Additionally, many existing models employ a simplistic and direct approach in the feature fusion stage, potentially leading to spurious target detection and the amplification of internal noise. To address these concerns, we present a multi-scale attention network (MSANet) tailored for building extraction from high-resolution remote sensing images. In our approach, we initially extracted multi-scale building feature information, leveraging the multi-scale channel attention mechanism and multi-scale spatial attention mechanism. Subsequently, we employed adaptive hierarchical weighting processes on the extracted building features. Concurrently, we introduced a gating mechanism to facilitate the effective fusion of multi-scale features. The efficacy of the proposed MSANet was evaluated using the WHU aerial image dataset and the WHU satellite image dataset. The experimental results demonstrate compelling performance metrics, with the F1 scores registering at 93.76% and 77.64% on the WHU aerial imagery dataset and WHU satellite dataset II, respectively. Furthermore, the intersection over union (IoU) values stood at 88.25% and 63.46%, surpassing benchmarks set by DeepLabV3 and GSMC.

Development of the triadic neural systems involved in risky decision-making during childhood.

Risk-taking often occurs in childhood as a compex outcome influenced by individual, family, and social factors. The ability to govern risky decision-making in a balanced manner is a hallmark of the integrity of cognitive and affective development from childhood to adulthood. The Triadic Neural Systems Model posits that the nuanced coordination of motivational approach, avoidance and prefrontal control systems is crucial to regulate adaptive risk-taking and related behaviors. Although widely studied in adolescence and adulthood, how these systems develop in childhood remains elusive. Here, we show heterogenous age-related differences in the triadic neural systems involved in risky decision-making in 218 school-age children relative to 80 young adults. Children were generally less reward-seeking and less risk-taking than adults, and exhibited gradual increases in risk-taking behaviors from 6 to 12 years-old, which are associated with age-related differences in brain activation patterns underlying reward and risk processing. In comparison to adults, children exhibited weaker activation in control-related prefrontal systems, but stronger activation in reward-related striatal systems. Network analyses revealed that children showed greater reward-related functional connectivity within and between the triadic systems. Our findings support an immature and unbalanced developmental view of the core neurocognitive systems involved in risky decision-making and related behaviors in middle to late childhood.

Urinary caffeine and its metabolites in association with advanced liver fibrosis and liver steatosis: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

Aim: This study used urinary caffeine and its metabolites to evaluate their relationships with liver steatosis and advanced liver fibrosis. Methods: A total of 2068 adult participants with required data were filtered from the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles. Non-invasive scores were applied to define liver steatosis and advanced liver fibrosis. Logistic regression models, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models, quantile-based g-computation (QG-Comp) models, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression models were used to assess the associations of urinary caffeine and its metabolites with liver steatosis and advanced liver fibrosis. A series of additional analyses were conducted to examine the subgroup-specific differences and test the robustness of the observed results. Results: The major caffeine metabolite mixture and most individual caffeine metabolites were found to be negatively associated with the risk of advanced liver fibrosis with subgroup-specific variations. Only 7-MX consistently showed a negative association with liver steatosis in all analyses, while no association was observed between the major caffeine metabolite mixture and liver steatosis. Conclusion: The major caffeine metabolite mixture and most individual urinary caffeine metabolites exhibited inverse associations with advanced liver fibrosis with subgroup differences. Further prospective and experimental studies are urgently needed to verify our results and further identify the possible mechanisms.

Chanling Gao suppresses colorectal cancer via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway modulation and enhances quality of survival.

The Chinese medicine formula Chanling Gao (CLG) exhibits significant tumor inhibitory effects in colorectal cancer (CRC) nude mice. However, the detailed mechanisms remain elusive. CRC in situ nude mouse models were treated with CLG. Small animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tracked tumor progression, and overall health metrics such as food and water intake, body weight, and survival were monitored. Posttreatment, tissues and blood were analyzed for indicators of tumor inhibition and systemic effects. Changes in vital organs were observed via stereoscope and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Immunohistochemistry quantified HIF-1α and P70S6K1 protein expression in xenografts. Double labeling was used to statistically analyze vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 neovascularization. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, IL-6, and IL-10 in serum, tumors, and liver. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway-related factors TGF-ß1 and smad4 in liver tissues. CLG inhibited tumor growth, improved overall health metrics, and ameliorated abnormal blood cell counts in CRC nude mice. CLG significantly reduced tumor neovascularization and VEGF expression in tumors and blood. It also suppressed HIF-1α, EGFR, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, and p-mTOR expression in tumors while enhancing PTEN oncogene expression. Systemic improvements were noted, with CLG limiting liver metastasis, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 in liver tissues, decreasing MMP-2 in blood and MMP-2 and MMP-9 in tumors, and inhibiting TGF-ß1 expression in liver tissues. CLG can enhance survival quality and inhibit tumor growth in CRC nude mice, likely through the regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

An Accurate Electro-Thermal Coupling Model of a GaAs HBT Device under Floating Heat Source Disturbances.

Taking into consideration the inaccurate temperature predictions in traditional thermal models of power devices, we undertook a study on the temperature rise characteristics of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with a two-dimensional cross-sectional structure including a sub-collector region. We developed a current-adjusted polynomial electro-thermal coupling model based on investigating floating heat sources. This model was developed using precise simulation data acquired from SILVACO (Santa Clara, CA, USA). Additionally, we utilized COMSOL software (version 5.6) to simulate the temperature distribution within parallel power cells, examining further impacts resulting from thermal coupling. The research findings indicate that the rise in current induces modifications in the local carrier concentration, thereby prompting variations in the local electric field, including changes in the heat source's peak location and intensity. The device's peak temperature exhibits a non-linear trend regulated by the current, revealing an error margin of less than 1.5% in the proposed current-corrected model. At higher current levels, the drift of the heat source leads to an increase in the heat dissipation path and reduces the coupling strength between parallel devices. Experiments were performed on 64 GaAs (gallium arsenide) HBT-based power cells using a QFI infrared imaging system. Compared to the traditional temperature calculation model, the proposed model increased the accuracy by 6.84%, allowing for more precise predictions of transistor peak temperatures in high-power applications.

[Vitamin A and vitamin D nutritional status among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Jiangsu Province during 2016-2017].

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate vitamin A and vitamin D conditions and related factors among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Jiangsu Province of China. METHODS: All the data were derived from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016-2017. By applying multiple stage stratified cluster random sampling method, 3244 children aged 6-17 years were selected from 12 survey sites in Jiangsu Province. Face to face interview, physical measurements and 6 mL blood sample were used to collect the general information, anthropometric information and blood nutritional indexes of the participants. Multivariate Logistic analysis was used for vitamin A and vitamin D conditions to test related factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and marginal deficiency was 0.8% and 15.8%, respectively.23.2% of the participants had vitamin D deficiency, 54.2% had vitamin D insufficiency and 4.8% had vitamin A insufficiency combined with vitamin D deficiency. Age group, weight levels, screen time and mother's education levels are the relevant factors of vitamin A insufficiency in children and adolescents. The related factors of vitamin D deficiency among children and adolescents are gender, age group, residence, physical activity level, screen time and mother's education levels. Gender, residence, weight levels, screen time and mother's education levels are the related factors of vitamin A insufficiency combined with vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSION: Vitamin A insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency are at high epidemic levels among children and adolescents in Jiangsu Province in 2016-2017.

Ionic Liquid-Induced Inversion of the Humidity-Dependent Conductivity of Thin PEDOT:PSS Films.

The humidity influence on the electronic and ionic resistance properties of thin post-treated poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films is investigated. In particular, the resistance of these PEDOT:PSS films post-treated with three different concentrations (0, 0.05, and 0.35 M) of ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM DCA) is measured while being exposed to a defined humidity protocol. A resistance increase upon elevated humidity is observed for the 0 M reference sample, while the EMIM DCA post-treated samples demonstrate a reverse behavior. Simultaneously performed in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements evidence changes in the film morphology upon varying the humidity, namely, an increase in the PEDOT domain distances. This leads to a detriment in the interdomain hole transport, which causes a rise in the resistance, as observed for the 0 M reference sample. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements at different humidities reveal additional contributions of ionic charge carriers in the EMIM DCA post-treated PEDOT:PSS films. Therefrom, a model is proposed, which describes the hole and cation transport in different post-treated PEDOT:PSS films dependent on the ambient humidity.

Heterogeneous treatment effects of coronary artery bypass grafting in ischemic cardiomyopathy: A machine learning causal forest analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We aim to evaluate the heterogeneous treatment effects of coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and to identify a group of patients to have greater benefits from coronary artery bypass grafting compared with medical therapy alone. METHODS: Machine learning causal forest modeling was performed to identify the heterogeneous treatment effects of coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy from the Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure trial. The risks of death from any cause and death from cardiovascular causes between coronary artery bypass grafting and medical therapy alone were assessed in the identified subgroups. RESULTS: Among 1212 patients enrolled in the Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure trial, left ventricular end-systolic volume index, serum creatinine, and age were identified by the machine learning algorithm to distinguish patients with heterogeneous treatment effects. Among patients with left ventricular end-systolic volume index greater than 84 mL/m2 and age 60.27 years or less, coronary artery bypass grafting was associated with a significantly lower risk of death from any cause (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.45-0.84) and death from cardiovascular causes (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45-0.89). By contrast, the survival benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting no longer exist in patients with left ventricular end-systolic volume index 84 mL/m2 or less and serum creatinine 1.04 mg/dL or less, or patients with left ventricular end-systolic volume index greater than 84 mL/m2 and age more than 60.27 years. CONCLUSIONS: The current post hoc analysis of the Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure trial identified heterogeneous treatment effects of coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Younger patients with severe left ventricular enlargement were more likely to derive greater survival benefits from coronary artery bypass grafting.

The synergetic effect of hierarchical pores and micro-nano bioactive glass on promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro.

Hierarchical pores are important structural components of the bone tissue and are closely related to angiogenesis, nutrient transport, and metabolism involved in the repair of a bone defect. Here, we fabricated a composite scaffold having a hierarchical structure, based on micro-nano bioactive glass (MNBG) incorporated into poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and with camphene as a pore-forming agent for bone repair. The results showed that camphene formed abundant micropores in the walls of large pores, resulting in hierarchical pore structures ranging from a few microns to a hundred microns. Moreover, there was 2-3 folds increased in compressive modulus and the scaffolds showed a stable degradation rate and a higher degree of apatite crystallization than ordinary porous scaffolds. The results of in vitro studies showed that, when compared to ordinary porous scaffolds, PLGA-MNBG scaffolds with multi-holes could better promote the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and the expression of angiogenic marker (CD31) of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Data-driven analysis of the simulations of the spread of COVID-19 under different interventions of China.

Since February 2020, COVID-19 has spread rapidly to more than 200 countries in the world. During the pandemic, local governments in China have implemented different interventions to efficiently control the spread of the epidemic. Characterizing transmission of COVID-19 under some typical interventions is essential to help countries develop appropriate interventions. Based on the pre-symptomatic transmission patterns of COVID-19, we established a novel compartmental model: Susceptible-Infectious-Confirmed-Removed (SICR) model, which allowed the effective reproduction number to change over time, thus the effects of policies could be reasonably estimated. Using the epidemic data of Wuhan, Wenzhou, and Shenzhen, we migrated the corresponding estimated policy modes to South Korea, Italy, and the United States and simulated the potential outcomes for these countries when they adopted similar policy strategies to China. We found that the mild interventions implemented in Shenzhen were effective in controlling the epidemic in the early stage, while more stringent policies which were implemented in Wuhan and Wenzhou were necessary if the epidemic became severe and needed to be controlled in a short time.